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Trotsky, L. The revolution betrayed. New York: Pathfinder. Ninety years of The Communist Manifesto. The New International, 4 2 , 53—55, Whitehead Estate. Manifesto of the Communist Party. Vancouver, BC. Download references. I am especially indebted to Tim Davenport for sustained correspondence about the pamphlet media of the early American communist movement.
His website www. He, in turn, acknowledges the parallel efforts by Martin Goodman and colleagues of the Riazanov Library digital archives project whose work shows up prominently at www.
Additionally, cf. Johnpoll These are invaluable resources that I have relied upon. For historical and literary reasons, I have chosen to cite the various manifestoes and pamphlets in their original published form.
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Search SpringerLink Search. Abstract The Communist Manifesto —rhetorical masterpiece of proletarian revolution—was published 69 years before the Bolshevik Revolution and had a complex reception history that implicated America and Russia in the long interval between.
Notes 1. References Ali, T. Google Scholar Baker, A. Google Scholar Black, D. Google Scholar Buhle, P. Google Scholar Cannon, J. Google Scholar Carver, T. Chapter Google Scholar Carver, T.
The problem was that the audacity of their dream was matched only by the depth of their economic ignorance. The accounting and control necessary for this have been simplified by capitalism to the utmost, till they have become the extraordinarily simple operations of watching, recording and issuing receipts, within the reach of anybody who can read and write and knows the first four rules of arithmetic.
If something like Stalinism had not occurred, it would have been close to a miracle. Favorable mentions of Bukharin in the Soviet press are now taken to be exciting signs of the glories of glasnost , and in his speech of November 2, , Mikhail Gorbachev partially rehabilitated him.
Proletarian coercion, in all its forms, from executions to forced labor, is, paradoxical as it may sound, the method of molding communist humanity out of the human material of the capitalist period. The most articulate and brilliant of the Bolsheviks put it most plainly and best. And above this ridge new peaks will rise. Under communism, Man will. Man will make it his purpose … to create a higher social biological type, or, if you please, a superman.
The Soviet Union has been the worst reeking charnel house of this whole awful twentieth century. I suggest that what we have here, in the sheer willfulness of Trotsky and the other Bolsheviks, in their urge to replace God, nature, and spontaneous order with total, conscious planning by themselves, is something that transcends politics in any ordinary sense of the term.
It may well be that to understand what is at issue here, we must ascend to another level, and that more useful in understanding it than the works of the classical liberal economists and political theorists is the superb novel of the great Christian apologist C. Lewis, That Hideous Strength. Now, the fundamental changes in human nature that the Communist leaders undertook to make require, in the nature of the case, absolute political power in a few directing hands.
This was not the only cause but it was surely one of the causes of the Reign of Terror. The Communists soon discovered what the Jacobins had learned: that such an enterprise requires that Terror be erected into a system of government. It seems likely that around 14,, persons lost their lives as a result of these Communist policies — more than the total of all the dead in all the armies in the First World War.
The Red Terror began early on. In his celebrated November speech, Gorbachev confined the Communist Reign of Terror to the Stalin years and stated:. Many thousands of people inside and outside the party were subjected to wholesale repressive measures. Such, comrades, is the bitter truth. But by no means is this the whole of the bitter truth.
As a reference point, consider that the number of political executions under the reactionary and repressive Tsarist regime from to was about 44, except that the persons executed were accorded trials , and the comparable figure for the French Revolutionary Reign of Terror was 18, to 20, Clearly, with the first Marxist state something new had come into the world. The fundamental changes in human nature that the Communist leaders undertook to make require, in the nature of the case, absolute political power in a few directing hands.
The best estimate of the human cost of those episodes is around 6,, persons. But the guilt of Lenin and the Old Bolsheviks — and of Marx himself — does not end here. It would have saved the peoples of Russia an immense amount of suffering if Lenin — and Marx and Engels before him — had not quite so brusquely dismissed the work of men like Montesquieu and Madison, Benjamin Constant and Alexis de Tocqueville. They laid out, often in painstaking detail, the political arrangements that are required, the social forces that must be nurtured, in order to avert tyranny.
We shall never know the full truth of this demonic crime, but it seems likely that around 14,, persons lost their lives as a result of these Communist policies — more than the total of all the dead in all the armies in the First World War.
One is stunned. Who could have conceived that within a few years, compared with what the Communists were to do in the Ukraine, the appalling butcheries of World War I —Verdun, the Somme, Passchendaele — would be nothing? Vladimir Grossman, a Russian novelist who experienced the famine of , wrote about it in his novel Forever Flowing , published in the West. An eyewitness to the famine in the Ukraine stated,.
Then I came to understand the main thing for the Soviet power is the Plan. Fulfill the Plan. When they took the grain, they told the kolkhoz members they would be fed out of the reserve fund. They lied. They would not give grain to the hungry. They were vastly enlarged under his successor. Alexander Solzhenitsyn compared them to an archipelago spread across the sea of the Soviet Union.
The camps grew and grew. Who were sent there? During the Great Purge of the middle s, the Communist bureaucrats and intellectuals themselves were victims, and there was a certain sort of thinker in the West who now began to notice the camps, and the executions, for the first time.
The most notorious of the camps was Kolyma, in eastern Siberia — in actuality, a system of camps four times the size of France. There the death rate may have been as high as 50 percent per year and the number of deaths was probably on the order of 3,, It goes on and on. In there was Katyn and the murder of the Polish officers; in , the leaders of Yiddish culture in the Soviet Union were liquidated en masse — both drops in the bucket for Stalin.
During the Purges there were probably about 7,, arrests, and one out of every ten arrested was executed.
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